(Source: mahidol.ac.th)
(Source: google.com)
(Source: andy-logic.com)
attitude polarization (when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence),
belief perseverance (when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false),
the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series)
and illusory correlation (when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations).
It takes some experience to realize that a lot of work is better left undone. It might be busywork that is performed out of habit, or it might be work that is heading in the wrong direction. Working smart means making sure you are spending your time on jobs that are effective and that actually need to be done.